Correction & Retraction Policy

GPEL is committed to preserving the credibility and accuracy of published research. We ensure that the scientific record remains trustworthy, especially in fields that influence education and public understanding.

1. Correction Policy

• Erratum: Issued for production errors (formatting, metadata) that do not alter conclusions.

• Corrigendum: Issued for author-identified errors (data, analysis) that impact understanding but do not invalidate the study.

• Procedure: Errors are reviewed by the editorial team; formal notices are issued and linked to the original article in scholarly databases.

2. Retraction Policy Retractions are issued when validity is fundamentally compromised due to:

• Research Misconduct: Plagiarism, data manipulation, or falsification.

• Ethical Violations: Lack of research approvals or undisclosed conflicts.

• Critical Flaws: Methodological errors that render conclusions unreliable. Process: Follows COPE guidelines. Retracted articles remain accessible but are clearly marked as RETRACTED.

Contact: editorial@academia.edu.pk